The black

[ ].
From the" spectrum" of medicine.
1" general" aconite, Wu materia medica: lunar January was born, leaf thickness, leaf four four square hollow stems, quite similar, and artemisia. Black beak, adopted in October, shaped like a monkshood, two branches such as the consistency, the beak; fear, evil, make and aconite with.
2" thunder gun sunburning on Aconitum:" few stems of seedlings, long black, little near the tip. Black beak skin to God, a person with soybean pregnancy eight or nine, around the bottom notch, black as black iron.
3 Tao Hongjing: this uses aconite with aconite root, April, when the primary brain stem spring, shaped like a dark head, so that the aconite. There are different with common pedicle, like a horn, a black beak
[ ] C o W Pinyin name be T: u reports
English name [ ] Kusnezoff Monkshood Root, Common Monkshood
[ alias ], cordierite, aconite, black beak striata, Xi, i.e., chicken poison poison, poison, Geng Zi public, aconite, aconite, bamboo soil aconite, gold crow, Wudu root, mouse head
[ source ]
Medicine source: buttercup monkshood ( Aconitum species ), north of the root.
Latin animal mineral name:1.Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.2.Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb.
Harvest and storage in late autumn or early spring harvest: the following year, the underground portion out, cut off the root head washed, dried.
[ ] the original morphology
1aconite, perennial, high 60-120cm. Root usually2interlocking, fusiform to obovate, dark brown jacket; cultivated roots ( daughter root ) is the mast, a diameter of 5cm. Stems erect or slightly oblique, lower glabrous, upper scattered appressed pilose. Leaves alternate, petiolate; leaf blade leathery, ovate,35-12cm wide, divided almost to base, lobes on opposite sides and2 crack, central lobe rhombic cuneate, apex3lobed, lobes or toothed edges with coarse teeth. Racemose panicles, inflorescence axis appressed pilose; sepals 5, blue and purple, outside puberulent. Sepals, helmet, length 15-18mm, width of about20mm, lateral sepals suborbicular; petals 2, glabrous; stamens numerous, below filament half expansion into broadly linear wing; carpels3-5, free, secret grayish yellow velutinous. Follicles oblong, with transverse veins, style Lodge, mount point. Flowering6-7. Fr.7-8.
2northern monkshood, perennial, high 70-150cm. Caudex often2-5block interlocking, obconic, long 2.5-5cm, dark brown jacket. Stems erect, smooth. Leaves alternate, petiolate; leaf blade nearly leathery, holomorphy is ovoid, length 6-14cm, width 8-9cm,3lobed, lobes diamond, then range of the depth of pinnate notch-like split, ultimate lobes linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, apex acuminate, two surfaces are smooth, or sometimes slightly hairy. Racemes, or sometimes for compact panicle; calyx of sepals5, violet blue, on the helmet, long 1.5-2CM,1.4-1.7cm, lateral sepals; petals 2, glabrous, long claws, long distance1-4mm; stamens numerous, glabrous; ovary5, rare3-4, glabrous, style and ovary isometric. Follicles long 1-2cm. Seeds have membranous wings. Flowering7-8. Fr.8-9.
[ ] habitat distribution
Ecological environment:1montane grass and bushes.
Born in 2 in mountainous, hilly, grassy slopes or woodland, meadow.
Resource distribution:1distributed in South Liaoning, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan, northern Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan. The main cultivation in sichuan. Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan and other places also have cultivation.
2located in the northeast, North china.
Cultivated [ ]
1Aconitum kusnezoffii biological characteristics of hi cool and wet environment, cold, winter underground root is -30 degrees around the cold. Arid climate or soil water, plant growth retardation, dry leaf margin, leaves fall off, but the rainy season should pay attention to preventing waterlogging, high temperature, high humidity root rot. The soil with fecund and loose sandy loam is the best, clay or low-lying easy seeper area is unfit for cultivation.
2cultivation root or seed propagation, to root propagation. Root propagation: every year in autumn or early spring, to dig up the roots by student daughter root plant. A shallow groove, spacing (30-45) cm x (9-15) cm, the root evenly in trench, planted soil compaction. Spring is about 20d emergence, late autumn planting, until second year spring bud. Seed propagation : must choose the year or a year of autumn sowing seeds, or spring sowing, drill spaced 30-45cm furrowing and seeding, or seed. Temperature in 18-23C, have enough about 15d temperature, after sowing seedling. Seedling height9-15cm, thinner1.
3field management in early growth period, should be timely watering and weeding,7August, the rainy season drainage. In order to increase the root yield,6-8months respectively1 times with nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, mainly.
4pest control red spider, mainly in spring, autumn drought occurs when.
[ character ]
1character identification (1) parent Aconitum roots fusiform to obovate, length 2-5cm, diameter 1-2.5cm. Surface grayish brown, with longitudinal wrinkles and protruding point mark fibrous roots, the residual stem. Sub root is smooth, slightly thin vertical lines, with several of the top lateral tubercles, no residual stems with bud scars. Qualitative hard, not easy to break, section gray, irregular ring. Gas micro, spicy taste, hemp tongue.
(2) the northern monkshood mother root irregular long conical, slightly curved, long 2-7cm, diameter 0.6-1.8cm. The top often remnant stem and a handful of adventitious root residues; some top has a withered bud, side is a round or flat round adventitious root residue. Surface ash brown or black and tan, with longitudinal shrinkage lines, dot mark fibrous roots and several tumor dendritic root. Sub root and mother root shape similarity, the surface is smooth. Hard, difficult to break, section gray or dark gray, with a slit, cambium ring polygonal or circular, larger or hollow pith. Gas, spicy taste, hemp tongue.
To a large, solid, section gray is preferred.
2microscopic root transverse section: (1): epigenetic cortex as a 1-2 column Staphylococcus cells; the cortical cellular 7-8columns, forms a long strip shape, to extend the cut, there is a stone cell hash; smaller inner cortex cells. Cambium ring, mother root segment circular, middle class four angle, lower class round; daughter root segment, middle lower segment are polygonal, irregular shape. Phloem visible abnormal vascular. Xylem1-2 column, radial arrangement. Central pith.
(2) the northern monkshood metaderm7-8 columns Brown suberized cell; cortical6-8columns of cells; the medial cortical are distributed in single or 2-5flocks of stone cells within the cortex was apparent. Phloem is broad, often irregularly fissured, with visible screen group; mother root formation layer sieve group outside the bast fiber group, and there were a few stone cell, inside the near cortex change a few stone cell, shape and cortical stone cells with; daughter root without fiber and stone cell. Cambium ring irregular polygonal or circular, upper, three similar. Xylem1-4 columns or several together, located at the corner of the inner layer formed, some containing brown yellow. Pith larger. Parenchyma cells are filled with starch grains.
3powder characteristics: (1):1stone cells nearly colorless or yellowish green, class of rectangular, square, polygonal or side oblique tip diameter,49-117m,113-280m4-13m, wall thickness, wall thick layer was relatively sparse, pit. The starch grains of simple-grain spherical, oval or kidney-shaped, diameter 3-22m; compound grain by2-15particles. The catheter is pale yellow, Lord pitted vessel, the diameter of 29-70m, flat end cut-off or mucronate, perforation in the end or side wall of the catheter, some molecular aspect of connection or short twist. In addition, there are epigenetic cortical cells, fiber.
(2) the northern monkshood of stone cells colorless, and epigenetic cortex linked was brown, square, rectangular, circular, like fusiform or elongated, diameter 20-234m, up to465 m, wall thickness, thick layer obviously, pit fine, some containing brown. The starch grains of single grain diameter round,2-23m; compound grain by2-16particles. The metaderm cells brown, surface of square or polygonal wall thickening, uneven, with a nodular protrusion into the cell cavity.
Chemical composition of [ ]
1aconite root ( mother root ) containing aconitine ( aconitine ), time ( hypaconitine ) of aconitine, mesaconitine ( mesaconitine ), Tara amine (talatisamine ), racemic demethyl coclaurine ( demethylcoclaurine ), with Tara (isotalatizidine), new Wu Ning alkali ( neoline ), Junggar ( Songorine aconitine aconite ), Ning alkali (fuziline), noradrenaline salsolinol (salsolinol ), different elatine ( isodelphinine ), benzoyl mesaconitine ( benzoylmesaconitine ), a plurality of aconitine ( karakoline ), Senbu star ( senbusine ) A, ( senbusine ) B Senbu star Tara,14 - acetyl amine (14-acetyltalatisamine ) aconitine ( lipoaconitine ), lipid, lipid hypaconitine ( lipohypaconitine ), lipid aconite base ( lipodeoxyaconitine ), lipoprotein (lipomesaconitine ), aconitine in northern monkshood alkali ( beiwutine ), Chuan Ning ( chuanfunine ) attached,3 - aconite base (3-deoxyaconitine ), an alkali (ignavine), Dutch Klub star ( hokbusine ) A and B, uracil ( uracil ), Monkshood Polysaccharide ( aconitan ) A, B, C, D.
2 North aconite root of mesaconitine, aconitine ( mesaconitine ) time ( hypaconitine ), aconitine ( aconitine ),3 - aconite base (3-deoxyaconitine ), northern monkshood alkali ( beiwutine ), and the Ukrainian amine ( higenamine ), on the part of Leibo containing aconitine ( beiwutine ), and the Ukrainian amine ( higenamine the part on the ground ), Leibo (lepenine ) containing aconitine, glabrous Larkspur Pavilion ( denudatine ).
The 3plurality of aconite root containing aconitine,3 - aconite base, new Wu Ning alkali ( neoline ), Junggar aconitine (polyschistine) A, AK-4, AK-22, AK-22a, Aconitum auning alkali ( karaonine ), Aconitum Ke Ming base ( karakomine ), benzoyl aconine ( benzoylaconine ) Aconitum Fen, alkali (aconifine ), napelline (napelline), different boldine ( isoboldine ), a plurality of aconitine ( karakoline, karacoline ),10 - hydroxyl in the plurality of aconitine ( karakolidine ), acetyl napelline ( acetyl napelline ), phenyl beta-naphthylamine ( phenyl - 3- naphthylamine ).
4straight edge of aconite root contains Yunaconitine ( Yunaconitine ) thick stem aconitine nail (crassicauline A ), show flower aconite Ning alkali ( chasmaconine ).

Pharmacological action [ ]
1: analgesic effect of electric stimulation of the rat tail method experiment, mice were70% ethanol infusion, have significant analgesic effect, its 0.19,0.095,0.048g / kg analgesic potency than morphine are respectively12,6,3mg / kg analgesic effect. But the dose toxicity reaction, and both the therapeutic index (3.91) than morphine (48.58) for small. The mouse hot plate method experimental results show, northern monkshood alkali, hypaconitine also has analgesic effects.
2local anesthetic effects: North kusnezoff Monkshood alkali in the animal body has local anesthetic effect.
3.5 kinds of aconite alkaloids arrhythmia induced by comparison of the effect of body weight of rats:201 + 25g,48 in total, of either sex, the dosage of each group of 8, intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium40-45mg / kg after anesthesia, respiratory frequency recording ECG II lead. From the femoral vein administration of each drug, the mouse LD50 of1 /14. To the occurrence of arrhythmias before this time known as the latency time, induced arrhythmia to the restoration of sinus rhythm, called the maintain time. Group AC ( aconitine group ), intravenous injection of l9mg / kg, induced arrhythmia in rats with ventricular extrasystole, supraventricular or ventricular heartbeat rate. Respiratory frequency was restricted, irregular abdominal breathing, the rhythm changed to Dou Xingshi, and respiratory failure. Group MA ( mesaconitine group ), intravenous injection of L6mg / kg, the types of arrhythmia occurred and AC group of similar. Arrhythmia induced by incubation time was significantly shorter than that in group AC, maintaining time was significantly prolonged. On respiration inhibition appears seriously. The dose was reduced to 10and 5mg / kg, then the induced arrhythmia latency time were 0.6+ 0.1and 2.1+ 1.1 minutes, maintain time were 33+ 9and 11+ 2 minutes. Group BA (northern grass aconitine group ), an intravenous dose of 30mg / kg, cardiac arrhythmia induced by latent time than that in the AC group was significantly shorter maintenance time, than those in group AC and group MA was significantly prolonged, arrhythmia types and AC group of similar. HA ( hypaconitine ) and DA ( aconite base ) group, HA group than in AC group induced arrhythmias is faster, but the maintaining time significantly less than those by AC. In group DA,8rats in 7was observed for 15 minutes without the appearance of cardiac arrhythmias, only 1only. Comprehensive experiments, mice acute toxicity of MA > AC > BA > HA > DA, and induced arrhythmia in rats strength ( duration ), the order was BA > MA > AC > HA > DA. With BA induced arrhythmia effect was the highest, while on the respiratory inhibition of weak. The northern black alkali also induced mouse arrhythmia, the role of a AC, P < 0.01. And can be induced in awake from cardiac arrhythmia, intravenous injection of BA10mg / kg. Results the6 rabbits were induced arrhythmia, latency of 1.3+ 0.4 minutes, maintain time of 16+ 5 minutes. Salivation and respiratory depress,5-10 minutes away. BA can make rat blood pressure drops, but soon recovered.
4wild aconite total alkaloids and aconitine on several drug induced electrocardiographic changes : the impact of total alkali and aconitine has enhanced adrenergic on rabbit myocardial function, one is from the original only in sinus rhythm slow increase for generating chamber automatic ectopic rhythms degree, total alkali group in 6animal appeared in 3only aconitine, groups of 6animal appeared in 4only. In two groups of4 other animal, combination, produces ventricular since Bo rhythm or nodal rhythm, they are passive ectopic rhythm, is on epinephrine potentiation effect of another kind of performance.
Total alkali and aconitine induced by calcium chloride can be against the T wave inversion, to total alkali chloride calcium increased3.5 times, to aconitine after calcium chloride dosage is increased to 4.3 times, P < 0.05. Total alkali and aconitine can enhance the poison Mao Xuan Hanako was6in guinea pig heart toxicity. The significant test, total alkali treatment group and the control group between minimum lethal dose difference is significant. Aconitine and total alkali in the same dose had different enhanced toxic glycoside6 on cardiac toxicity. Total alkali and aconitine can fight against the posterior pituitary preparations on rabbit induced by ST segment displacement, the significant test, except for total alkali in after the administration of10s has significant difference ( P < 0.05). Total alkali and antihistamine effects.
The pharmacological effect of processed products of Radix Aconiti kusnezoffii processed methods using compendial water system, comparing with high pressure steaming method instead of water preparation method. The determination and high in isolated frog heart test proved that the two kinds of processing methods, and can reduce the toxicity of Radix Aconiti kusnezoffii ratio. From analgesic test and determination of vitamin C content shows, two kinds of processing methods and comparison of curative effect of Radix Aconiti kusnezoffii can keep. Two different processing methods in toxicity or efficacy are not quite different, with thin layer chromatography and comparison, the two chemical composition is the same. But the high pressure method than the Pharmacopoeia method has the advantages of high content of total alkaloids, less loss of raw materials, the method is simple, shortening the cycle.
[ ]70% alcohol toxicity of Radix Aconiti extract in mice by intraperitoneal injection of the lethal dose of 0.38g / kg. After 6 hours of Radix Aconiti decoction, intraperitoneal injection of mouse LD50is 41.59 +2.118g / kg. Aconitine in mice by intraperitoneal injection of the lethal dose. For0.22mg / kg, aconitine intraperitoneal injection of mouse ld50. For0.27mg / kg, northern black alkali intraperitoneal injection of mouse ld50. For0.42mg / kg, hypaconitine intraperitoneal injection of mouse LD50 of1.01mg / kg, aconite base mouse LD50of 1.90mg / kg.
Discrimination [ ]
Physicochemical identification (1) take the goods of 0.5g powder with ether and ammonia solution,10ml0.5ml10min, shake, filtration. The filtrate containing a separatory funnel, and sulfuric acid solution (0.25mol / L )20ml, shaking extraction, divide the acid amount, diluted with water by spectrophotometry, in 231nm and275nm wavelengths with maximum absorption at.
(2) take the coarse powder1g,15ml1ml with ether and ammonia solution, soaking1H, shaken from time to time, filtration. With5ml filtrate residue, dry, add 7% hydroxylamine hydrochloride methanol solution5 drops and0.1% thymolphthalein methanol solution1 drops, add potassium hydroxide methanol solution to saturation significantly more blue,2drops, the60 degrees C water bath heating1-2min, water cooling, adding dilute hydrochloric acid to regulate Ph to2-3ferric chloride and chloroform solution, add1 drops each, shaking, the lower was purple.
Thin layer chromatography (3) take the powder 1g, plus 10% ammonia solution1ml, ether10ml immersion24h, filtration. The filtrate from stem, residue with dichloromethane wash into 1ml volumetric flask volume, as the sample solution. The other to aconitine, mesaconitine, aconitine dichloromethane for time, formulated into1mg /1ml standard solution. In high performance silica gel GF254board sample and control solution of the4 u l, with cyclohexane - ethyl - two - (8: 1:1), from the solvent, with iodine vapor smoked, chromatography for the test and control samples in the corresponding position, the spots are now purple stain color.
[ ]: take the net processing processed Radix Aconiti kusnezoffii kusnezoff Monkshood Root, with cool dip bleaching, daily change the water2-3, to taste only slightly spicy feeling left out, with licorice, black beans boiled with water, were ripe, no white heart for the degree, and then removing the licorice and black beans, dried in the sun until six into dry, boring run after the biopsy, dried. (100 kg per kusnezoff Monkshood Root, licorice5 pounds, black beans10 kg )
[ ] the bitter taste of spice;; heat; the big poison
[ ] to the heart; liver; spleen meridian
[ function ] Qufeng desiccant; warmingchannelstodispel cold; swelling and pain;. The main cold and dampness; joint pain due to headache; stroke; fail; confidantes Lengtong; cold hernia pain; traumatic injury; swelling; Yin carbuncle swollen toxic narcotic pain;
[ usage]: orally taken decoction,3-6g; or into the pill, powder. External: moderate, grind end, wine or vinegar powder; grinding coating.
[ note ] Yin Huo-wang, various heat syndrome patients and pregnant woman forbids.
[ ] the discussion
1" resistance": on black beak, the gas edge, through main and collateral channels, and disloyal, find development of size and leading to disease.
2" classes": the black, shooting indiscriminately, and toxicity of drugs, not if, the plant Aconitum carmichaeli Fuzi, brewing, to kill their toxicity than, since the wind with acute disease, not the light cast, Zhen Quan" resistance on" says Yiyang, rule male kidney weak, no was also. This check can search wind wins wet phlegm, joking, treat with sores, fight poison only, but of Aconitum carmichaeli Fuzi s right kidney, the power? 3" Materia Medica": the black, Xun to poison pills, the sage with poison to treat illness, cover are properly. Such as monkshood generation with solid heavy cold, chronic cold, enough to equal, or cold consolidation, crystallization, block, blocking the line really positive, not great, not quite will grams is not enough to fight. Such as paralysis syndrome, sages for multiple uses, cover for its cold 's subsequent death, stubborn Phlegm Blood, not can not open road, make flow breaking the plot of medicine to play grade ear.
4:" Bencaoqiuzhen" black", the" rule of the evil wind wash sweating, but can go to wind and cold but not Hui Yang. The report of five, attending Yau: aconite Zhuang Yuanyang, although partial coke under deep inside and outside, and stop at nothing; Tianxiong high temperature not less than a moment, without Hui Yang Gong; College of rheumatic arthritis RA, but less temperature by force; lateral sub good in late four, the internal organs of the body; both fearless only worthy, external treatment. This black, attached to the similar persons of the opposite sex. As for the black beak, intrinsic gas impurity, can also take away.
5: the black Zhang Shouyi" after the" that the main stroke evil wind wash, the lid remains outside feeling cold, wash read as Sasa, is still spilling Zhejiang evil wind syndrome, and the later is to remedy the evil wind evil, with words such as word reading," the ancients really purpose? Want to know poison wind Li Feng disease, are heat into poison, like the heat of poison, Hu He being cast, the cover misreading of ancient books of absurdity. But the fruit is cold cold phlegm, dry cold cathode congealed, Kennedy condensed poly disorder, was available for and make, leads to disease, to open a firm product ear.
6" the classics": the main stroke, the evil wind, wash the sweat, except of Hanshibi, Keni on gas accumulation of cold and heat, broken.
7:" don't record" on the chest eliminating sputum, not cold, confidant Leng Ji, umbilical between pain, shoulder pain cannot be pitching, eye pain cannot be long, and abortion. The main rheumatism, husband of renal wet scrotum itch, cold-heat calendar section switch induced low back pain, unable to walk, and carbuncle sepsis.
8" on" resistance: can cure the evil wind, aversion to cold, cold phlegm bag heart, intestine abdominal XIU pain, Xuan hypochondrium mass block, Yiyang things, treat tooth pain, the main strong records. Rule male renal impairment, Yin Khan, main treatment pain wind - evil.
9" drug law like" : cure wandering arthritis blood arthralgia, hemiplegia, the drug also.
10" schema" : cure headache pharyngitis, furunculosis carbuncle. Lord gale obstinate rheumatism.
11" east of" medicine: treating rheumatism to numb the pain, sweat hair tetanus.
12" Outline": what blood, gleaning from root into the wine.
13" Guizhou folk prescription set" : cure paralysis. For traumatology to medicine.
14 Yang Qing said: whoever wind-cold-dampness arthralgia, bone cold allodynia, and injury of long bone, pain, or all Yin carbuncle swollen drugs, and is suitable for grass aconite, Southern Star aliquots, little cinnamon for end, ginger juice hot wine adjustable Tu, without breaking to consumers, long break to go black rot. Second taste of Xin Lie, to break the bad block by cold and heat, cold, that consumers, are heated.
Excerpts from" Chinese Materia Medica" [ ]" Chinese Dictionary"


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