Aconitum carmichaeli

[ source ] from Hou Ningji" medicine":" schema" spectrum of aconite in two, a notable namely monkshood mother, today it is also of Aconitum carmichaeli. In late spring, son, I collected for spring winter aconite, son has become, so pick for winter aconite. Its real, black beak, side, is the son who, because of like naming, if fewer births and blind persons, the number is. The ESA, Shannan etc., but" the classics" list of Aconitum, now called the black who is also. Therefore the sauce for shooting indiscriminately. I have two research of aconite, aconite of aconite injection not to the aconite, was induced from doubt. Aconitum carmichaeli and herb aconite, during the Ming Dynasty had referred to as aconite. And" compendium of Materia
[ ] Chu n W Pinyin name T u reports."
English name [ ] Common Monkshood Mother Root
[ alias ] monkshood, black beak, Xi poison, i.e. sub, chicken virus, virus, Geng Zi, Duke of Aconitum
[ source ]
Medicine source: buttercup Aconitum ( cultivated ) parent root.
Latin animal mineral name: Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.
Harvest and storage: late June to early April excavation, removal of aboveground stem and leaf, root ( Radix Aconiti ), pick now take the mother root ( Sichuan aconite ), to the net roots, sediment, dried.
[ ] the original morphology of aconite, perennial, high 60-120cm. Root usually 2 interlocking, fusiform to obovate, dark brown jacket; cultivated roots ( daughter root ) is the mast, a diameter of 5cm. Stems erect or slightly oblique, lower glabrous, upper scattered appressed pilose. Leaves alternate, petiolate; leaf blade leathery, ovate, 3 5-12cm wide, divided almost to base, lobes on opposite sides and 2 crack, central lobe rhombic cuneate, apex 3 lobed, lobes or toothed edges with coarse teeth. Racemose panicles, inflorescence axis appressed pilose; sepals 5, blue and purple, outside puberulent. Sepals, helmet, length 15-18mm, width of about 20mm, lateral sepals suborbicular; petals 2, glabrous; stamens numerous, below filament half expansion into broadly linear wing; carpels 3-5, free, secret grayish yellow velutinous. Follicles oblong, with transverse veins, style Lodge, mount point. Flowering 6-7. Fr. 7-8.
[ ] habitat distribution
Ecological environment: montane grass or bushes.
Resource distribution: distribution in southern Liaoning, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan, northern Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan. The main cultivation in sichuan. Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan and other places also have cultivation.
Cultivated [ ]
The climate soil likes the warm and humid climate and abundant sunshine, the soil deep, loose fertile soil, good drainage and humus loam and sandy loam. Clay is unfit for cultivation.
The plant mainly used root tuber propagation, specially bred aconite root, multiple choice of mountain secondary fertile and containing the stone gravel soil. In the year after the beginning of winter digging aconite, larger out of supply of planting; smaller still in situ breeding. In addition, the node may use cultivate aconite seed breeding, seed production, winter sowing in winter, to second years can be digging root. Planting place, in general more plain field planting, advance deep, Shi foot base fertilizer, fertilizer to the barnyard manure and compost, applying superphosphate, so even and fine loose soil. Cultivated in 6-10 days before the winter solstice, made about 67cm wide border, border arched shape, each border opening hole 2, hole spacing spacing 25cm, 17cm, each point is planted into root 1, bud to, then covered with clay.
The field management: a complementary planting of seedling, weed: seedling emergence, such as short of a seedling replanting, shall at any time, the timely removal of weed. Two root trimming: two root trimming, first times in the Vernal Equinox Day seedling height is about 17-20cm, cut open the plant in the vicinity of the soil, the show mother root and root, the small daughter root cut off, leaving only the mother root per plant on both sides of the larger daughter root 1 each, then cover soil thickness 7cm. Second times in the summer before, except newborn daughter root key repair and retention of seed root roots, leaving only the following a single blade. In addition, see stems on the birth daughter root should repair to. Three watering and drainage: seedling emergence period, such as the case of drought or soil when dry, should be performed in water, generally every half moon water 1 times, but must be excluded in the water. Four: general fertilizer 3 times, first times in the after emergence (around late February ), with per mu to dilution of the human excrement each 4000 jins, 1600 jins dry manure, composting cake 200 catties. Second, 3 are in the root trimming after every 2 litters, plant a shallow cave, fertilizer in sports. Five top pick bud : in order to prevent plant excessive growth, flowering stems tall, consumption of food, the seedling height of about 50cm, topping, generally leaving 6-9 leaf axil, after topping, easy auxiliary buds, must pick bud 1-2 time weekly. The prevention and control of pests and diseases are the main diseases: downy mildew and leaf spot disease, with Bordeaux mixture ( 1 : 1: 140) jet control, attention to drainage, ventilation. Pest: Cricket and the harm, available 0.5% six six six powder bait trap.
[ character ]
1 character identification of Aconitum carmichaeli ( mother root ) for irregular conical, slightly curved, apex often remnant stem, central multidirectional side dilated, length 2-7.5cm, diameter 1.2-2.5cm. Surface brown or grayish brown, wrinkled, verruculose lateral root and root with mark. Solid section, white or grayish yellow, cambium ring polygon. Gas micro, spicy taste, hemp tongue.
Full, solid quality, section color white is preferred.
Microscopic identification of 2 parent root transection: metaderm Brown suberized cortical parenchyma cells, occasional stone cells distributed in single or several communities within the cortex; no significant phloem sieve tube group scattered, medial occasionally fiber bundle. Formation of layers of annular polygonal. The inner and outer side occasionally 1 to a plurality of abnormal vascular. Xylem multiple columns, radial or slightly V arrangement. The pith is obvious. Parenchyma cells are filled with starch grains.
3: 1 the powder characteristic of stone cells nearly colorless or yellowish green, class of rectangular, square, polygonal or side oblique tip diameter, 49-117 m, 113-280 m 4-13 m, wall thickness, wall thick layer was relatively sparse, pit. The starch grains of simple-grain spherical, oval or kidney-shaped, diameter 3-22 m; compound grain by 2-15 particles. The catheter is pale yellow, Lord pitted vessel, the diameter of 29-70 m, flat end cut-off or mucronate, perforation in the end or side wall of the catheter, some molecular aspect of connection or short twist. In addition, there are epigenetic cortical cells, fiber.
[ ] ( mother of chemical composition of root root ) containing aconitine ( aconitine ), time ( hypaconitine ) of aconitine, mesaconitine ( mesaconitine ), Tara amine (talatisamine ), racemic demethyl coclaurine ( demethylcoclaurine ), with Tara (isotalatizidine), new Wu Ning alkali ( neoline ), Junggar aconitine ( Songorine ), monkshood alkali (fuziline ), rather a salsolinol ( salsolinol ), different elatine (isodelphinine ), benzoyl mesaconitine ( benzoylmesaconitine ), a plurality of aconitine ( karakoline ), Senbu star ( senbusine ) A, Senbu star (senbusine) B, 14 - acetyl amine ( Tara 14-acetyltalatisamine ), lipid aconitine (lipoaconitine ), lipid hypaconitine ( lipohypaconitine ), lipid aconite base ( lipodeoxyaconitine ), lipoprotein (lipomesaconitine ), aconitine in northern monkshood alkali ( beiwutine ), Chuan Ning ( chuanfunine ) attached, 3 - aconite base ( 3-deoxyaconitine ), ( ignavine ), an alkali charge Kotb star ( hokbusine ) A and B, uracil ( uracil ), Monkshood Polysaccharide ( aconitan ) A, B, C, D.
Pharmacological action [ ]
1 the cardioprotective effects of aconitine on isolated frog heart with the papacy, initial heart rate decelerations ( atropine may block ), and due to the highly stimulated myocardial, suddenly accelerated heart rate, cardiac contractility strengthen, very fast arrhythmia, cardiac contractility reduced cardiac contractility, such as mulberry, eventually asystole. The amount of treatment on the slowing of the heart rate, blood pressure, pulse soft and weak micro drop (excitatory vagal central ); 1.1: fibrillation induced by aconitine poisoning effect of prone to ventricular fibrillation, is thought to be due to myocardial excitability increased, membrane destroyed polarization, myocardium caused by high frequency ectopic rhythm, high concentrations of calcium inhibition of. Believe in cholinergic factors, impulse wave multiple reentry results. Rabbit sinoatrial node containing the right atrial muscle than without sinus node to be easily induced by atrial fibrillation.
1.2 strong heart: aconitine itself does not have a strong heart, to heart extremely toxic; and their hydrolysis products of aconine Aconine toxicity is only aconitine 1 / 2000-1 / 4000. He has a strong heart, in isolated frog heart against aconitine induced arrhythmia; in recent years, people use after 10.5 hours of aconitine hydrolysis solution on isolated heart ( frog, guinea pig) experiment, only weak strong heart. Japanese scholars think Aconitum cardiotonic components for non alkaloidal fraction, the plant for the main varieties of AconitumjaponicumNakai, small part of the Department of Chinese shift in Japanese Radix aconiti. The scholar of our country from the Sichuan middle isolated reaction less visible component, the isolated frog heart with a strong heart, this composition of insoluble in benzene, chloroform and ether, and easily soluble in water and ethanol, the pH3-11 range of pH treatment does not attenuate the strong heart, this material is neither alkaloids non cardiac glycoside. According to the physical and chemical properties, should make the Ca ( + + ) in the qualitative and quantitative determination of. Made in Nanjing Chinese Aconite Decoction and Sichuan aconite root ( Aconitumchinense long ripe add Decoction on isolated heart ), ( toads, frogs, guinea pig) has obvious strong heart, ripe add a strong strong heart, decocting longer more significantly, lower toxicity, and the immersion liquid or Aconite Decoction Time short the only manifestation of transient heart amplitude increases, and cardiac depression and cardiac arrhythmias ( and aconitine similar effect ). The chemical analysis, the above formulation does not contain cardiac glycosides, but contains a higher concentration of calcium, aconite was 0.24%, ripe add 1.41% ( according to the investigation in the processing process, adding bittern ). The longer Decoction decocting, calcium content increased correspondingly. EDTA complexation, ion exchange resin, ammonium oxalate calcium removal after the strong heart. Aconite ash calcium content in 0.64%, was also a strong heart. Therefore, monkshood ( Aconitum Decoction ripe add ) strong heart and containing calcium are closely related. In the heating decocting or after processing, reduce the total alkali content. Toxicity is greatly reduced.
2 on blood pressure, vascular effects of aconitine can make blood pressure drops, China Sichuan aconite and attached ( ripe add ) Decoction on anesthetized dogs or cats can cause rapid and a buck, the heart is not obvious changes, Buck was a large number of atropine or diphenhydramine are eliminated. Using the peripheral resistance measuring device indicates, ripe add decoction can lead to lower extremity vascular markedly dilated, moreover can dilate the coronary vessels ( blood pressure, heart rate and independent ). He first aid Hui Yang soup ( aconite root, camphor, ginseng, musk ) a pressor effect. Four inverse soup ( aconite, dried ginger, licorice ) on dog acute blood loss also make blood pressure rise. While Fugui Decoction on rat kidney cortex hypertension ( partial adrenalectomy burns ) has antihypertensive effect, and burn to ipsilateral adrenal activity strengthen ( 1-C14 - sodium acetate incorporation test ).
3 anti-inflammatory effect and adrenal relationship ripe add ( white tablets ) or black Aconite Decoction, by intraperitoneal injection or oral on formaldehyde and egg white ankle swelling has obvious anti-inflammatory effect. Ripe add Decoction ( 0.2g / 100g ) or oral, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection can significantly reduce the content of ascorbic acid in rat adrenal gland, its role can not be blocked by sodium pentobarbital and chlorpromazine, but was partially blocked by hydrocortisone. Chinese aconite alkaloids isolated sections and pure aconitine also reduces the adrenal ascorbic acid in the role, but the non-alkaloid part invalid; furthermore ripe add decoction can increase rat urinary 17 - ketone sterol excretion, reduction of rat peripheral blood eosinophil count, so on pituitary adrenal cortex the system has an excitatory effect. Using histochemical methods ( mouse ) research also prove, Aconite Decoction can make adrenal cholesterol content decreased ( adrenal cortex hormone secretion exuberant), phosphatase activity enhancement ( illustrated by adrenal cortical hormone enhances the sugar, protein, fat metabolism ) and promote glycogen yuan increase. But with the black pieces Decoction 1 g / 100 grams ( 5 times larger than the reported doses ), 1 or 6 successive oral administration, cannot make the rat adrenal ascorbic acid content decreased in.
4 on the central nervous system effects of aconitine 0.1-0.2mg / kg can destroy rat electric defensive sport climbing rod conditioned reflex, unconditioned reflex is also affected by mild brain damage, various parts of ammonia content were decreased dramatically; by 0.002 u g / kg was injected into the fourth ventricle of the rabbit, can induce anesthesia phenomenon. Electrical stimulation of rat tail that aconitine have some analgesic effect, can enhance the effectiveness of scopolamine. Aconite in Chinese medicine anesthesia compound, its analgesic effect and synergistic and antagonistic Flos Daturae Flos Daturae, caused by increased heart rate and xerostomia. Chinese Aconite Decoction can improve the electric convulsion threshold in rabbits, but not prevent rat maximal electroshock seizure.
5 other effect of aconitine can suppress the respiratory center, so that the slow breathing; on the local skin mucosa sensory nerve endings to excitement, itching, burning sensation, followed by paralysis, loss of sensation; and reflex saliva hyperfunction, heating and normal animals body temperature. On isolated intestine was choline like effect. In vitro inhibition of bacteria. Wu striata powder can make the uterus, vagina, uterus and accessory ligament of duodenum excited. Crude monkshood extract or total sterol on rats, mice, levator ani muscle or kidney weight and had no significant effect, showed no assimilation and male hormone like effect.The toxicity of [ ]
Aconite toxicity is very strong, because breed, acquisition time, processing, such as different decoction time, toxicity varies widely, processing of alkaloids content loss 81.3%, different regions of aconite toxicity determination may be a difference of 8 times as much, the content of total alkaloids and their toxicity intensity no parallel relationship, whereas acetyl content has great relationship with. Fatigue, bleeding, hungry animal toxicity can be decreased, the sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity to poisoning. Poisoning can make dog heartbeat tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, flutter. It effects on heart, due in part to the effects of vagal, more important is its direct effects on myocardium. Animal experiment proves, ripe add poisoning ECG changes and aconitine similarity, large amounts of atropine on ripe add rabbit, guinea pig poisoning ECG has improved, but cannot prevent the death of the animal, but there were reports of aconite poisoning of mice may reduce mortality, make some toxicity symptoms delayed the appearance of aconitine. Clinical application of aconite poisoning with large doses of atropine, can alleviate the symptoms, the electrocardiogram returned to normal. Lidocaine can significantly reduce the animals because of aconite poisoning mortality. Ginger, licorice and ripe add boiled together, can make the latter toxicity is reduced greatly, and reduce animal ( rabbit, mouse ) mortality or prolong the time of death. In addition, mung bean, horns or detoxification of honeysuckle. Aconitine in isolated atrial fibrillation arising, procaine, antihistamines, quinine Ding, propranolol are able to suppress.
Other plants of the same genus Aconitum AconitumjaponicumNakai on wood (mostly white monkshood ) and transplanted from China to Japan ( part of Radix Aconiti with this experiment ), in a pressurized tank of 110 DEG C to 1 kilograms / square cm40 minutes are processed, the aconitine has decomposition, strong heart component is a heat resistant nontoxic non-alkaloid part, on isolated toad heart with a strong heart, but its toxicity (LD50 ) is a native medicine 1 / 150; processed aconite does not appear the saliva secretion increased, generalized seizures and other symptoms of poisoning. Aconite immersion fluid in a certain amount and aconitine ( as in rabbit caused by decreased blood pressure, cardiac rhythm disorder ), decoction is weakened on isolated cardiac manifestations of cardiac action, further from the aconite root isolated from chloroform insoluble substance, as the non-alkaloid constituents, heat-resistant, weakened, but with a strong heart, and illustrated by processing aconite, decocting, the toxic component decomposition, and the strong heart composition unchanged, so that used in Chinese medicine monkshood effect, is composed of aconitine alkaloids decomposition products and integrated effect of the cardiotonic components. Useful ion exchange resin and chromatographic separation to cardiotonic components, but at room temperature of 22 DEG C are manifestations of toxicity. The strong heart function by collecting season ( 5-9 mining induced cardiac conduction disorders, from November to the following February acquisition of aconite and blossom period collecting leaves showed a strong heart ), experiments at room temperature (20 degrees C above toxicity is dominant, 18 DEG C is a strong heart, preservation period ( dominant ) placed 1 years strong heart function obviously ), animals ( animal hibernation state, hunger, fatigue state of cardiac action significantly affected by such factors as ). Nissan aconite, monkshood in inorganic salt content is very high, its content and chemical composition of the soil around, Ca ( + + ) content: mother root 65mg%, son of 5mg%. Aconite is central excitatory effect, a large number of electrical stimulation of mice exhibited analgesic, and the animal can tolerance to the effects of cold, so that the isolated intestine tension rises, also has anti-corrosion, antifungal effects. Aconitine instillation of rabbit cornea, after the first excitement paralysis. Aconitine, mesaconitine ( Mesaco-nitine ), love jesaconitine ( Jesaconitine ) are easily seen from the mucosal absorption, due to heating and reduced toxicity, three in the last the most toxic, followed by new aconitine. Aconite poisoning procaine detoxifying effect; in addition, licorice, ginger, ginseng, black bean, Polygala, milk can also detoxify. Japan reported AconitumchinenseSieb stem, leaf extract has the protoplasm poison effect, on the cardiovascular, bowel, the pupil has similar effect of sympathomimetic amines.
[ ] the physicochemical identification identification ( 1) take the goods of 0.5g powder with ether and ammonia solution, 10ml 0.5ml 10min, shake, filtration. The filtrate containing a separatory funnel, and sulfuric acid solution ( 0.25mol / L ) 20ml, shaking extraction, divide the acid amount, diluted with water, using a spectrophotometric method for the determination of the 231nm wavelength, with maximum absorption at. ( check the aconitine ) ( 2) take the powder of about 5g, 30ml impregnated with ether, 1H, shaken from time to time, filtration. To obtain filtrate residue 6ml, plus 7% hydroxylamine hydrochloride methanol solution 10 drops and 0.1% thymolphthalein methanol solution 2 drops, add potassium hydroxide methanol solution to saturation was blue, then add 4 drops, the water bath heating 1min, water cooling. Adding dilute hydrochloric acid to regulate Ph to 2-3, with ferric chloride solution 1-2 1ml with chloroform, shaking, the lower liquid appear purple. ( check the ester-type alkaloid ) ( 3) thin layer chromatography take the powder of about 1g, plus 10% ammonia solution at 1ml 10ml 24h, ether, immersion, filtration, filtrate swing stem, residual check with dichloromethane wash into 1ml volumetric flask volume, as the sample solution. Another aconitine, mesaconitine, aconitine by dichloromethane preparation time, 1mg / ml solution as a standard solution. In high performance silica gel GF254 board ( 10cm * 10cm ) on the sample and the standard solution to all 3 U L, cyclohexane - ethyl - two - ( 8 : 1: 1), remove, dry, spray with potassium iodide, potassium iodide solution isovolumic mixed liquor color, probational liquid chromatography in control samples corresponding to the position, should show the same spots.
[ processing ] raw aconite root: pick impurities, cleaning ash, dried. Radix Aconiti Preparata: take the net monkshood, use cold water immersion float, daily change the water 2-3, drift to taste only slightly spicy feeling left out, licorice, black beans with water decoction of Radix Aconiti total, to ripe, no white heart, removal of licorice, black bean, drying, moistening and slice, dried ( each root of 100 jins, 5 jins with licorice, black beans 10 kg ).
[ ] the bitter taste of spice;; heat; the big poison
[ ] to the heart liver spleen kidney;;;
[ function ] Qufeng desiccant; Wen Jing; for dispelling cold and relieving pain. The main cold and dampness; joint pain; limb numbness; hemiplegia; head headache; confidantes Lengtong; cold hernia pain; traumatic blood stasis pain; Yin carbuncle swollen drugs; and can be used for anesthesia analgesia
[ usage]: orally taken decoction, 3-9g; or at the end of the inquiry, 1-2g; or into the pill, powder. To be processed into oral Decoction; first fried 1-2h, to reduce its toxicity. External: moderate, grind end Caesar or powder.
[ note ] Yin Yang Sheng, heat syndrome of pain and pregnant woman forbids. Anti pinellia, Trichosanthes kirilowii, TCS, Fritillaria, Fritillaria thunbergii, Ampelopsis japonica, white and. Wine, wine soaked decoction, easily poisoning, should be cautious.
[ ] the discussion
Excerpts from" Chinese Materia Medica" [ ]" Chinese Dictionary"
http://chinese-herbal-medicines-directory.blogspot.com/