2012年5月21日星期一

Tibetan eggplant



[ source ] from the" Shan Ganning green herbs selected": reservoir Solanum poisoning symptoms and rescue with atropine, belladonna drugs.
[ ] C Pinyin name 's n to be Qi e
English name [ ] root or seed of Tangut Anisdus
[ alias ] seven Li powder, black henbane, camphor, camphor tree willow Liu Can
[ source ]
Medicine source: for solanaceous plants Anisodus tanguticus root.
Latin animal mineral name: Anisodus tanguticus ( Maxim. ) Pascher [ Scopolia tangutica Maxim ]
Harvest and storage:9-10 months of digging, wash away the mud, remove the skin, fibrous roots, slice dried, ground, processed with a backup.
[ ] the original morphology of perennial herbaceous, tall 40-80cm, sometimes up to 1m. A thick, cylindrical or circular dish, subfleshy. Stems erect, cylindrical, much branched. Leaves alternate; petiole length1-3.5cm; leaf blade papery or nearly strong paper, oblong to narrowly rounded shape egg, long 8-11cm,2.5-4.5cm wide, apex acute, margin undulate or toothed, less erose fine denticles, both surfaces glabrous. Flowers solitary in leaf axils, purple-brown, drooping, pedicels thick shape; calyx bell-shaped, irregular5 crack, when fruit increased goblet; corolla campanulate or drain head Zhong Rui, diameter 3-3.5cm, apex shallowly 5, reflexed; stamens 5, inserted on corolla base; pistil 1, slightly longer than stamens; disk shallowly yellow. Capsule globose, mid ring crack, diameter of about2cm, harboring Yu Sucun wood calyx. Seeds orbicular, slightly flattened. Tan. Flowering of 5-6 months, fr.7-8.
[ ] habitat distribution
Ecological environment : in2800-4200m elevation slopes, grassy slopes to the office.
Resource distribution: located in Gansu, Qinghai, Yunnan, Tibet.
[ ] hide Eggplant Cultivation is fond of cool environment, cold resistant, avoid flooding, appropriate chooses. On cold winter or spring thaw in spaced1.5 feet furrow drilling.
[ character ]
Character identification cylindrical. Goods cross into pieces, the diameter of 6-10cm, some longitudinal cut into equal pieces. Surface yellowish brown to gray-brown, rough, irregular wrinkles, lenticels conspicuous, lateral protrusions, skin peeling off visible white or pale yellow wood. Transverse thin shrink rough skin, thin, wooden portion occupies most, have 5-10 or more brown concentric ring pattern and radiate fissure. Quality hard, break sectional dust, rough, yellowish white, with longitudinal crack, gap. Gas micro, bitter, astringent.
Only a coarse, color brown is preferred.
Microscopic identification of root transection: cork layer as many columns of cork cells, phelloderm stenosis. Phloem ray width7-10columns of cells, Chang Youyi to crack. Cambium ring. Xylem accounted for most of3,5or 10, the catheter in a number of bands, are arranged in a 5-7or more concentric ring; catheter group inside interxylary phloem. The parenchyma cells contain calcium oxalate crystal sand and acting powder.
Chemical composition of [ ]
The part on the ground (scopolamine ) containing scopolamine, hyoscyamine ( formerly called hyoscyamine ) ( hyoscyamine ), cuscohygrine ( cuscohygrine ), anisodine ( anisodien ), anisodamine ( anisodamine ) [1], apoatropine ( dehydratedatropine ),3alpha (4,4,4 - triclosan -2 - phenyl butyryl ) tropane [3 alpha (4 ',4, ' 4'- trichloro-2-phenylbutyroyl ) tropane] [2]. Also contains rutin and chlorogenic acid ( rutin ), ( chlorogenic acid ), scopoletin ( scopoletin ), scopolin ( scopolin ) [3].
The underground part of anisodamine,. Anisodamine [4], cuscohygrine, scopolamine, anisodine [5].
Pharmacological action [ ]
1: Zhou Kang anticholinergic effects of anisodamine against acetylcholine induced intestinal and urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction and blood pressure drop, and the intestinal tension strength and weak, action of atropine is similar, but the central excitatory effect, inhibition of salivary secretion function and mydriatic effects than atropine is weak, the two can fight and remission of organic phosphorus on animal poisoning symptoms. Anisodine in anesthetized dogs, isolated rabbit intestine and in the relief of organic phosphorus poisoning experiment, has significant anticholinergic effects and Zhou Kang,5-10mg / kg is prevention of guinea pig histamine asthma relieving effect, strength is about1/ 2.
2the role of the central nervous system: anisodine on EEG effects, on the inhibition of tremor in analgesic effect and Countermeasure of arecoline tremor effect intensity and atropine approximate or about one time, compared to scopolamine effect is about19 times smaller, on the conditioned avoidance response in rats the role was more than are weak. Anisodine5mg / only injected into the rabbit lateral ventricle, can cause loss of righting reflex, cortical spontaneous electrical activity of irregular high amplitude of slow waves, indicating anisodine with central inhibition, physostigmine, norepinephrine, adrenergic antagonist of central inhibition, and phentolamine and collaborative effect of. Anisodine2.4mg / kg was injected into the left lateral ventricle, EEG appeared irregular high amplitude of slow waves, blocking acoustic stimulation brain wave wake reaction, no convulsions occurred; anisodamine1-2mg / kg was injected into the left lateral ventricle, brain wave for low amplitude wave, and the appearance of spines and seizure discharge, occurrence whole body spasm convulsions in rabbits. In awake rabbits intracerebroventricular injection of anisodamine in1.5mg / kg,5-30minutes, in the amygdala appears to regularly down a single spike wave discharges, and in the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, midbrain reticular formation and cerebral cortex appears continuous spike-wave discharges, suggestive of anisodamine induced seizure discharge site of action as the amygdala, intravenous injection of diazepam 1.5-4.5mg / kg, significantly inhibited the cause of locust spike-wave discharges and convulsion.
3 on the cardiovascular systems: effect of anisodamine8mg% slow intravenous infusion or intravenous injection of2mg / 5ml, can make blood pressure rise in rabbits with hemorrhagic shock, mortality reduction, shock resistant principle is that when the shock spasm of arteriolar dilation, improves microcirculation, renal vascular resistance decreased, renal blood flow and urine volume increased. Hemorrhagic shock in rabbit plasma Mg2 + content was increased and decreased blood pressure were negatively correlated, liver mitochondrial Mg2+ content reduces, anisodamine5mg / kg vein input, can significantly inhibit the change, description of anisodamine with stable shock animal liver mitochondrial function. Anisodamine125,500 u m / ml in vitro tests for shock rat liver lysosomes without direct action, in the isolated liver hypoxia perfusion model, anisodamine62.5 u g / ml perfusion, hypoxia cell protection. Effects of anisodamine on intravenous injection of10mg / kg, hemorrhagic shock rat gastrointestinal mucosa of the blood perfusion were improved to different degree, that the effect of anisodamine on hemorrhagic stress mucosal injury has a protective effect. Anisodamine5mg / L perfusion on rabbit intestinal membrane, series of ischemia of the small bowel mucosal damage and tissue calcium accumulation were significantly reduced, indicating a calcium antagonistic action. Anisodamine in0.3mmol / L, can make the guinea pig papillary muscle cell action potential in the ERP / APD90 increases, prolongation of conduction time, decreased myocardial contractility,0.1mmol / L can inhibit the stubborn rapid spontaneous activity,0.6mmol / L on slow action potentials was partially inhibited, show that anisodamine with antiarrhythmic effects and non the specificity of the calcium channel blocking effect. Effects of anisodamine on0.01mmol / L, calf anterior cerebral artery smooth muscle cell proliferation inhibition, can inhibit the synthesis of DNA, was also inhibited by calcium influx, tips of anisodamine on cerebral vascular disease prevention and treatment significance.
4on the peanut four acid metabolism: effects of anisodamine3x 10( - 5) mol / L acetylcholine5x 10( - 5) mol / L induced rabbit iris PGE2and6-keto-PGF1 alpha emissions reduction, anisodamine6x 10( - 5) mol / L also inhibited norepinephrine5 x10( - 5) mol / L release of prostaglandin inhibition of prostaglandin release, iris, the anti shock effect of favorable. Effect of anisodamine in 50,100,500 u mol / L significant reduction in rabbit platelets from endogenous peanut four acid12hydroxy 5,8, seventeen and three10carbon acid ( HHT ) and12 - hydroxy - twenty carbon four acid (12-HETE ), but does not affect exogenous peanut four acid metabolism, that mountain hyoscyamine is inhibited by peanut four acid release and reduced peanut four acid metabolite formation. Anisodamine500 u mol / L on calcimycin induced by murine peritoneal macrophages release of prostaglandin PGE2alpha and leukotriene LTC4,6-keto-PGF1, LTB4 were reduced, also inhibits bovine aortic endothelial cells to release 6-keto-PGF1alpha, the calcium resistance may be inhibition of prostate and leukotriene release mechanism.
5other roles: anisodamine30mg / kg for intravenous, intravenous epinephrine induced rat pulmonary edema have a preventive effect, significantly reduced the number and the death rate of lung series. 4mg / kg venous injection of anisodamine, on oleic acid induced acute lung injury in rats with protective function, can make the pulmonary lesions attenuate pulmonary Itoga, reduced, leukocyte accumulation reduced, may reduce leukocyte aggregation, inhibition of lysosomal enzymes and the release of histamine, thereby reducing pulmonary edema. 5mg / kg intraperitoneal injection of anisodamine, on 7 consecutive days, on mouse liver and spleen macrophage phagocytosis of198Au particles has the enhancement function. 20mg / kg venous injection of anisodamine can make the rabbit in vitro thrombus formation time prolonging, the wet weight of thrombus length, less than the control group. Anisodamine in12.5,25,50mg / kg gavage, on 5 consecutive days, to indomethacin, water immersion-restraint stress-induced, pylorus ligation, anhydrous ethanol on gastric mucosal injury and gastric secretion inhibition.
In 6 in vivo metabolism: anisodamine to rats after intravenous injection,24 hours from the drug is about 39%, no accumulation effect, the drug rapidly autogenous disappeared inside, part from kidney eduction, others may have half above the in vivo drug into inactive substances.

The toxicity of [ ]
In 1 acute toxicity ( mouse intraperitoneal, intravenous and oral LD50) than atropine low. Chronic toxicity to dogs, daily subcutaneous injection of anisodamine in2mg / kg, liver and kidney function and blood picture in the group had no change. In vivo rat test proof, drugs are not damaged by the gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal oral since half gone for 3.5 hours. In the absorption of human body experiment, according to urine drug from the inference, oral30mg after total hours of drugs in human tissue concentrations, may be associated with intramuscular injection of10mg similar. To rats after intravenous injection, drug quickly from the body disappears, the half-life of 40minutes, from the renal excretion rate may be greater than atropine l times faster, so no accumulation effect. Injection with the agent finally, plasma content of less than atropine anisodamine. Give intramuscular or intravenous injection after 24hours can be excreted by the kidney L / 3-1 / 2, and more than half of drug in the body is converted into inactive substances. Clinically for rescuing septic shock and the treatment of some vascular, neurological diseases. The part on the ground to total alkali, although the role of slightly inferior to that of atropine, but is more toxic than the latter is low, can be used as the substitute of atropine.
2: side effects and toxicity of anisodamine injection of2mg / kg daily dogskin, for 2 consecutive weeks, liver, renal function were within the normal range, no special changes of hemogram, activity, appetite also normal; individual over dose to the patient, can appear like atropine poisoning symptoms, facial flushing, high fever, breathing and heart beating faster, delirium, agitation, confusion, when necessary, to hair fruit rue alkali detoxification; on mouse LD50: intraperitoneal injection of350-430mg / kg,123.3mg / kg for intravenous injection, while atropine were 226mg / kg and 97.7mg / kg; thus, anisodamine toxicity than atropine, and selective the advantages of higher. Anisodine on rabbit and dog subacute experiments showed that,0.5-3mg / kg intramuscularly, continuously for one month, on hepatic, renal function, blood picture and visceral pathology has no obvious toxicity, but the cat of intraperitoneal injection of 2.5-4mg / kg and2mg / kg after intramuscular injection to dogs, animal appear excited and abnormal behavior, performance walking shaking, wall, this phenomenon may be associated with pupillary expanded rapidly, may also be caused by the central. Mouse LD50: subcutaneous is 1547.5mg / kg,997.7mg / kg intraperitoneal, intravenous363.1mg / kg, were under the same condition determination of atropine toxicity small 4-6times.
Discrimination [ ]
Physical and chemical identification of take the coarse powder2G, with strong ammonia wet chlorine, letter 15ml, under20min in shake soaking, filtering, the filtrate for the following test: (1) with2ml filtrate, swing stem, with 0.25mol-L2ml sulfate dissolved residue, filtration, filtrate and modified bismuth potassium iodide solution2 drop, produce reddish brown precipitate. ( check the alkaloids ).
(2) with3ml filtrate, placed white porcelain evaporating dish, in a water bath on swing stem, fuming nitric acid residue number drops, yellow, continue to be the nitric acid is evaporated to dryness, adding saturated alcohol hydrogen potassium hydrate solution drops significantly, namely red brown. ( check the tropane alkaloids) (3) thin layer chromatography of the leachate5ml, concentrated to epsilon, as for the sample liquid, another anisodine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine, cuscohygrine, scopolamine for reference. Each sample in the same neutral alumina sheet, xylene acetone ethanol - two triethylamine (50: 40:10:0.6) chromatography for the test, and reference substance in the corresponding positions of chromatography was the same color spots.
[ ] bitter taste; Xin; temperature; the big poison
[ function ] analgesic antispasmodic. The main worry; chronic gastroenteritis; her stomach and abdomen pain; biliary ascariasis; Cholelithiasis; ulcer and traumatic injury; fracture;
[ usage] oral administration: grind end,0.3-0.5g; or tincture,0.6-1.5nk each time,3 times a day. External: moderate, grind end or boiling water and powder.
[ attach ] of Party treat ulcer, acute, chronic gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal functional sputum, biliary ascariasis, H stone disease caused by pain: Hidden nightshade root100 grams, ground, adding70 angry alcohol amount, according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia" provisions" ( with belladonna with ) made reservoir air network, each 0.6 ~1.5 ml, on volume of 2~ 4.5 ml. Such as into a mixture with reservoir Solanum phenol60 ml1000 ml of water to, each 10 to15 ml,2~ 3 times a day orally. (" Shan Ganning green herbs selected" ) of toothache: Hidden eggplant, research and. Filling tooth cavity. (" Shan Ganning green herbs selected" ) the cure sore ulcer, innominate toxic swelling: down the grate algae powder, moderate, moderate tone Vaseline ointment made, apply affected part. (" the common Chinese herbal medicines in Qinghai." )
[ ] the discussion
1" Shan Ganning green herbs selected" analgesic antispasmodic, anesthetic effect.
2" Qinghai" heat-clearing and detoxifying herbal handbook.
3" drug": Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of anesthetic and analgesic effect of. The virus inside.
Excerpts from" Chinese Materia Medica" [ ]

http://chinese-herbal-medicines-directory.blogspot.com/

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